Memeron™ Clinical Studies

"If the studies are what they appear to be, galantamine is perhaps the best treatment yet discovered for age-related memory impairment, decline, and dementia progressing to Alzheimer's disease." -Dr. Silvia Petrova, Psychiatrist

"GPC demonstrates benefit in AD patients for orientation, attention, memory, language, and mood. In a large, double-blind RCT involving 261 patients, GPC at 1,200 mg/day for six months significantly benefited memory and other cognitive measures. A meta-analysis found GPC offered longer-lasting benefit for Alzheimer's disease compared with donepezil." -Parris Kidd, PhD, The University of California at Berkeley

Memeron™ is one of the most powerful memory enhancers available on the market today. Below are research studies conducted by independent institutions exploring the neurological benefits of the components of Memeron™ that describe its effectiveness as a superb treatment for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and memory deficits in otherwise healthy individuals. The new Memeron™ formula may prove to be the best fight against Alzheimer's and dementia available worldwide.

Galantamine Clinical Studies

Galantamine treatment in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease: responder analyses from a …
T Erkinjuntti, S Gauthier, R Bullock, A Kurz, G … - Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 2008 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Galantamine treatment in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease: responder analyses from a randomized, controlled trial (GAL-INT-6). ...
Research Conclusions: Galantamine treatment resulted in significantly greater cognitive and functional improvements compared with placebo at six months, and a significantly higher percentage of treatment responders... The proportion of patients responding by at least four-points on the ADAS-cog/11 was significantly greater for the galantamine group compared with placebo (33.6% versus 17.2%; P = 0.003). Seventy-five percent of galantamine-treated subjects improved or remained stable as assessed by CIBIC-plus compared with 53.6% on placebo (P = 0.0006). Significantly higher responder rates were observed with galantamine for behaviour (64.9% versus 56.6%; P = 0.024), and numerically favourable responder rates were seen with galantamine for activities of daily living... These findings are consistent with a broad range of cognitive, functional and behavioural benefits with galantamine across the spectrum of AD and AD with CVD.

Galantamine prevents apoptosis induced by β-amyloid and thapsigargin: involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
E Arias, E Alés, NH Gabilan, MF Cano-Abad, M … - Neuropharmacology, 2004 - Elsevier
... All rights reserved. Galantamine prevents apoptosis induced by β-amyloid and
thapsigargin: involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. ...
Research Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that galantamine can prevent apoptotic cell death by inducing neuroprotection through a mechanism related to that described for nicotine, i.e. activation of nAChRs and upregulation of Bcl-2. These findings might explain the long-term beneficial effects of galantamine in patients suffering of Alzheimer’s disease.

Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease
Olin J, Schneider L.
Adult and Geriatric Treatment and Preventative Interventions Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH, Room 7160, MSC 9635, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9635, USA. jolin@mail.nih.gov
Research Conclusions: Overall, galantamine showed significant treatment effects at daily doses of 16-32 mg for trials of 3- to 6-months duration. This review shows consistent positive effects for galantamine for trials of 3 months, 5 months and 6 months duration. In addition, although there was not a statistically significant dose-response effect, benefits associated with doses above 8mg/d were, for the most part, consistently statistically significant. There is therefore evidence for efficacy of galantamine on global ratings, cognitive tests, assessments of ADLs and behaviour.

Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomized trial
T Erkinjuntti, A Kurz, S Gauthier, R Bullock, S … - The Lancet, 2002 - Elsevier
... Articles. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's
disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. ...
Research Conclusions: Galantamine showed greater efficacy than placebo on ADAS-cog (galantamine change −1·7 [SE 0·4] vs placebo 1·0 [0·5]; treatment effect 2·7 points; p<0·0001) and CIBIC-plus (213 [74%] vs 95 [59%] patients remained stable or improved, p=0·001). Activities of daily living and behavioural symptoms were also significantly improved compared with placebo (p=0·002 and p=0·016, respectively). Galantamine was well tolerated.

A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD
PN Tariot, PR Solomon, JC Morris, P Kershaw, S … - Neurology, 2000 - AAN Enterprises
... A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. ... Galantamine
enhances cholinergic function by competitively and reversibly inhibiting AChE. ...
Research Conclusions: After 5 months, the galantamine–placebo differences on ADAS-cog were 3.3 points for the 16 mg/day group and 3.6 points for the 24 mg/day group (p < 0.001 versus placebo, both doses). Compared with placebo, the galantamine 16- and 24-mg/day groups also had a significantly better outcome on CIBIC-plus, activities of daily living, and behavioral symptoms. Treatment discontinuations due to adverse events were low in all galantamine groups (6 to 10%) and comparable with the discontinuation rate in the placebo group (7%). The incidence of adverse events in the galantamine groups, notably gastrointestinal symptoms, was low and most adverse events were mild. Galantamine 16 and 24 mg/day significantly benefits the cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms of AD as compared with placebo. Slow dose escalation appears to enhance the tolerability of galantamine, minimizing the incidence and severity of adverse events.

Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.
C Loy, L Schneider - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Click here to read Update of: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD001747.
Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. ...
Research Conclusions: Subjects in these trials were similar to those seen in earlier anti dementia AD trials, consisting primarily of mildly to moderately impaired outpatients. Galantamine's effect on more severely impaired subjects has not yet been assessed.Nevertheless, this review shows consistent positive effects for galantamine for trials of three to six months' duration. Although there was not a statistically significant dose-response effect, doses above 8 mg/d were, for the most part, consistently statistically significant. Galantamine's safety profile in AD is similar to that of other cholinesterase inhibitors with respect to cholinergically mediated gastrointestinal symptoms. It appears that doses of 16 mg/d were best tolerated in the single trial where medication was titrated over a four week period, and because this dose showed statistically indistinguishable efficacy with higher doses, it is probably most preferable initially. Longer term use of galantamine has not been assessed in a controlled fashion.Galantamine use in MCI is not recommended due to its association with an excess death rate.

A Long-Term Comparison of Galantamine and Donepezil in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
G Wilcock, I Howe, H Coles, S Lilienfeld, L Truyen … - Drugs & Aging, 2003 - aging.adisonline.com
2003, 20:10 > A Long-Term Comparison of Galantamine... ... A Long-Term Comparison of
Galantamine and Donepezil in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ...
Research Conclusions: Significant advantages were found in the treatment response to galantamine (versus donepezil) on cognition as measured by response rates on the MMSE and ADAS-cog/11.

Galantamine and memantine produce different degrees of neuroprotection in rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation
M Sobrado, JM Roda, MG López, J Egea, AG Garcı́a - Neuroscience Letters, 2004 - Elsevier
... Villarroya, AG García and MG López, Galantamine prevents apoptosis induced by
β-amyloid and thapsigargin: involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Research Conclusions: These data indicate that galantamine has a neuroprotective window against anoxia wider than memantine. Whether these differences can be clinically relevant remain to be studied in appropriate clinical trials.

The Cognitive Benefits of Galantamine Are Sustained for at Least 36 Months
MA Raskind, ER Peskind, L Truyen, P Kershaw, CRV … - Archives of Neurology, 2004 - Am Med Assoc
... The Cognitive Benefits of Galantamine Are Sustained for at Least 36 Months ... These
findings suggest that galantamine slows the clinical progression of AD.
Research Conclusions: Cognitive decline over 36 months of continuous galantamine treatment was substantially less than the predicted cognitive decline of untreated patients with mild to moderate dementia. Thus, the cognitive benefits of galantamine seemed to be sustained for at least 36 months. These findings suggest that galantamine slows the clinical progression of AD.

Galantamine: therapeutic effects beyond cognition.
R Blesa - Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2000 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Click here to read Galantamine: therapeutic effects beyond cognition. ... Galantamine
also significantly benefits behavioural disturbances in patients with AD. ...
Research Conclusions: In studies of up to 5 months' duration, galantamine-treated patients had a significantly better outcome on ADL than placebo-treated patients, and after 12 months of treatment with galantamine, patients' functional ability was preserved. Galantamine also significantly benefits behavioural disturbances in patients with AD. These functional and behavioural benefits are associated with a decrease in the burden on caregivers, as indicated by a reduction, relative to placebo, in the time spent supervising and assisting patients. These clinical benefits are not offset by disruption of patients' sleep, as has been reported with other cholinergic treatments.

Galantamine: a randomized, double-blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
D Wilkinson, J Murray - Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2001 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
... dwilk2000@aol.com OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether Galantamine significantly
improves the core symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). ...
Research Conclusions: This study shows that, relative to placebo, galantamine significantly improves the core symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease drugs promote neurogenesis
K Jin, L Xie, XO Mao, DA Greenberg - Brain Research, 2006 - Elsevier
... We administered tacrine, galantamine or memantine to mouse cerebral cortical cultures
in vitro, and to mice in vivo, and measured neurogenesis by labeling ...
Research Conclusions: Drugs used to treat AD increase cerebral neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects.

Effects of galantamine on attention and memory in Alzheimer's disease measured by computerized neuropsychological tests
P Caramelli, MLF Chaves, E Engelhardt, JCB Machado … - Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 2004 - SciELO Brasil
... Effects of galantamine on attention and memory in Alzheimer's disease measured by
computerized neuropsychological tests: results of the Brazilian Multi-Center ...
Research Conclusions: Treatment with galantamine produced improvement in computerized tests of attention and episodic memory after 12 weeks, leading to statistically significant reduction in the reaction times.

View all Galantamine studies at Google Scholar

View all Galantamine studies at PubMed

Alpha GPC (Choline Alfoscerate, Choline Alphoscerate, Glycerophosphocholine) Clinical Studies

Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data
L Parnetti, F Amenta, V Gallai - Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 2001 - Elsevier
... All rights reserved. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute
cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. ...
Research Conclusions: As detected by validated and appropriate tests, such as Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) in SDAT and Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (SCAG) in VaD, administration of choline alphoscerate significantly improved patient clinical condition. Clinical results obtained with choline alphoscerate were superior or equivalent to those observed in control groups under active treatment and superior to the results observed in placebo groups. Analysis stresses the clear internal consistency of clinical data gathered by different experimental situations on the drug effect, especially with regard to the cognitive symptoms (memory, attention) characterising the clinical picture of adult-onset dementia disorders. The therapeutic usefulness of choline alphoscerate in relieving cognitive symptoms of chronic cerebral deterioration differentiates this drug from cholinergic precursors used in the past, such as choline and lecithin.

Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
M De Jesus Moreno Moreno - Clinical Therapeutics, 2003 - Elsevier
Research Conclusions: In the CA (choline alfoscerate) group, all other assessed parameters (MMSE,GDS, ADAS-Behav, ADAS-Total, and CGI) consistently improved after 90 and 180 days versus baseline, whereas in the placebo group they remained unchanged or worsened. Statistically significant differences were observed between treatments after 90 and 180 days in ADAS-Cog, MMSE, GDS, ADAS-Total, and CGI scores and after 180 days of treatment in ADAS-Behav and GIS scores. The results of this study suggest the clinical usefulness and tolerability of CA (choline alfoscerate) in the treatment of the cognitive symptoms of dementia disorders of the Alzheimer type.

Pathways of acetylcholine synthesis, transport and release as targets for treatment of adult-onset cognitive dysfunction.
F Amenta, SK Tayebati- Current Medical Chemistry, 2008
Research Conclusions: Controlled clinical studies denied clinical usefulness of choline and lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), whereas for other phospholipids involved in choline biosynthetic pathways such as cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) or alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (choline alphoscerate) a modest improvement of cognitive dysfunction in adult-onset dementia disorders is documented.

The Cholinergic Approach for the Treatment of Vascular Dementia: Evidence from Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies
F Amenta, MAD Tullio, D Tomassoni - Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2002 - informaworld.com
... Among compounds investigated, choline alphoscerate was well ... Cognitive impairment
in VaD has complex ... these interactions, functional decline, behavioral symptoms ...
Research Conclusions: Among compounds investigated, choline alphoscerate was well tolerated, improved cognitive function in VaD patients to a better extent than citicoline and to similar or better extent than other more recently developed drugs.

Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor...
F Amenta, SK Tayebati, D Vitali, MA Di Tullio - Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 2006 - Elsevier
... Among cholinergic precursors assessed for the treatment of adult-onset cognitive
decline, choline alphoscerate is probably one of the most effective, in ...
Research Conclusions: These data suggest that combination of a suitable precursor of brain acetylcholine such as choline alphoscerate and of a cholinesterase inhibitor may represent an association worthwhile of being further investigated as a cholinergic replacement therapy in pathologies characterized by altered cholinergic neurotransmission.

Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile of Alzheimer's type
L Parnetti, G Abate, L Bartorelli, D Cucinotta, M … - Drugs Aging, 1993 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1993 Mar-Apr;3(2):159-64. Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine
vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. ...
Research Conclusions: The results showed significant improvements in most neuropsychological parameters in the alpha GPC recipients. Improvements also occurred in the ST200 recipients but to a lesser extent. Tolerability was good in both groups. These positive findings require replication in larger, double-blind, longitudinal studies coupling clinical and biological determinations.

Age-related structural changes in the rat cerebellar cortex: effect of choline alfoscerate treatment …
F Amenta, M Del Valle, JA Vega, D Zaccheo - Mech Ageing Dev, 1991 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Mech Ageing Dev. 1991 Dec 2;61(2):173-86. Age-related structural changes in the
rat cerebellar cortex: effect of choline alfoscerate treatment. ...
Research Conclusions: Treatment with choline alfoscerate, a precursor in the biosynthesis of brain phospholipids which increases bioavailability of choline in the nervous tissue, noticeably reduced the loss of Purkinje and granule neurons in rats of 24 months. Moreover, it restored the density of Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm of Purkinje and granule neurons as well as the density of silver-gold stained fibres in the molecular and in the granule cells layers to values not significantly different from those found in rats of 3 months. These findings suggest that choline alfoscerate treatment may be effective in counteracting the age-dependent disarrangement of rat cerebellar cortex. The possible mechanisms of action of the compound on the microstructural changes of cerebellar cortex occurring with age are discussed.

Oral choline alfoscerate counteracts age-dependent loss of mossy fibres in the rat hippocampus.
A Ricci, E Bronzetti, JA Vega, F Amenta - Mech Ageing Dev, 1992 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Mech Ageing Dev. 1992;66(1):81-91. Oral choline alfoscerate counteracts
age-dependent loss of mossy fibres in the rat hippocampus. ...
Research Conclusions: In choline alfoscerate-treated rats both the area occupied by mossy fibres and their density were significantly higher than in age-matched controls. Moreover, the number of granule neurons of the hippocampus was higher by about 7% in choline alfoscerate-treated than in control 24-month-old rats. The above data suggest that choline alfoscerate treatment counteracts some anatomical changes of the rat hippocampus occurring in old age.

Age-related anatomical changes in the rat hippocampus: retardation by choline alfoscerate treatment.
E Bronzetti, L Felici, D Zaccheo, F Amenta - Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 1991 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
... Choline alfoscerate treatment counteracted the age-related loss of nerve cells in
the 3 hippocampal portions examined and slow-drown the decrease of Nissl ...
Research Conclusions: Choline alfoscerate treatment counteracted the age-related loss of nerve cells in the 3 hippocampal portions examined and slow-drown the decrease of Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm of pyramidal or of granule neurons in the hippocampus. The significance of changes induced by choline alfoscerate in the hippocampus of aged rats and the possible mechanism of action of the compound are discussed.

Long-Term Choline Alfoscerate Treatment Counteracts Age-Dependent Structural Changes in the Rat …
A Umana - doi.wiley.com
... Bronzetti, E., Felici, L., and Zaccheo, D.: Long term choline alfoscerate treatment
coun- ... Bartus, RT, Dean, RL, Goas, JA, and Lippa, AS: Age-related changes in ...
Research Conclusions: Long-term choline alfoscerate (GFC) treatment counteracts age-dependent structural changes in the hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals treated with a daily dose of 100 mg/kg GFC from 18 to 24 months of age had more cells in the CA-1 to CA-3 fields and in the dentate gyrus compared to age-matched cohorts. The density of silver-gold stained fibers within the stratum oriens of the CA-1 to CA-2 fields was greater in rats treated with GFC than in age-matched controls. The ramifications of these findings are discussed.

A multicentre trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine …
R Di Perri, G Coppola, LA Ambrosio, A Grasso, FM … - J Int Med Res, 1991 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
An open clinical trial was carried out to compare the efficacy and the
tolerability of 1 g/day alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC) with 1 g/day cytosine diphosphocholine (CDP) both given intramuscularly for 90 days in...
Research Conclusions: Both treatments produced a definite symptomatic improvement and showed a very good tolerability. The results suggest that in most tests alpha-GPC possessed a statistical higher efficacy and an overall more satisfactory activity assessed by both patients and investigators compared with CDP.

View all Alpha GPC (choline alfoscerate) studies at Google Scholar

View all Alpha GPC (choline alfoscerate) studies at PubMed

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FDA Notice: Galantamine is FDA approved to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Galantamine is well-tolerated and has been studied extensively for over 50 years for both safety and efficacy. Mild stomach irritation may occur if taken without meals. Please consult with a physician if symptoms worsen or if any health conditions arise while using Memeron™.